Motivation and Anxiety

According to Hebb's classic formulation (1955), optimal "hedonic tone" or sense of well-being, and hence performance in learning, is achieved at a moderate level of arousal. Too little arousal leads to boredom, and too much to anxiety, both of which inhibit effective performance.

 hebb

A link to Hebb's original article And an even older source (1908); the related Yerkes-Dodson law, which states broadly that increasing anxiety enhances performance up to a point, but then inhibits it

This model serves quite well for present purposes, but has been effectively criticised and modified by Apter (1989). He distinguishes two modes of experience—one is oriented towards excitement (with boredom as its opposite pole), and the other towards relaxation, with anxiety as its opposite pole.

apter 

For more than you wanted to know on this go here There are parallels in this with my Skeleton and Shell model

The so-called "accelerated learning" movement, on the other hand, argues that learning is best achieved in a state of minimal anxiety and relaxation. However, in the words of one of their sites: "Accelerated Learning is a proven method of increasing the absorption of knowledge." That is a rather limited conception of learning, so even if Lozanov's (its founder's) theories are correct their applicability may be limited.

This topic exposes some of the major limitations of using the web as a research library. You will get many “false positives” (people hyping their educational snake oil), and quite a few “false negatives” (people illegitimately rubbishing stuff on the basis of their own prejudices). You may get some true positives (which people want to tell you about), but true negatives are rare, because the language is that of "failure" to demonstrate an effect.

Don't trust. Triangulate. And that goes for this site as well!

Also see the page on "Innovations" And that on "What Works"

A fuller discussion of motivation should also cover Deep and Surface learning.

To reference this page copy and paste the text below:

ATHERTON J S (2009) Learning and Teaching; [On-line] UK: Available: Accessed:

(Note that if you are using Internet Explorer, and it is doing its "nanny" thing, the full reference will not display. There will be a bar across the top of the screen advising you of "blocked content". Click on it and select "Allow blocked content" and confirm in the pop-up box. I know it's a pain, but we're stuck with it.)

Original material by James Atherton: last up-dated 4 November 2009

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